7．The Cold Places  寒冷的地带

The Arctic is a polar region. It surrounds the North Pole. [云南考试网]网址:http://www.ynexam.cn

Like Antarctica, the Arctic is a land of ice and snow. Antarctica holds the record for a low temperature reading ---125 degrees Fahrenheit below zero. Reading of 85 degrees below zero are common in both the Arctic and Antarctica. Winter temperatures average 30 d3egrees below zero in the Arctic. At the South Pole the winter average is about 73 degrees below zero.

One thing alone makes it almost impossible for men to live in Antarctica and in parts of the Arctic. This one thing is the low temperature --- the killing chill of far North and the polar South.

To survive, men must wear the warmest possible clothing. They must build windproof shelters. They must keep heaters going at al times. Not even for a moment can they be unprotected against the below-zero temperatures.

ｗｗｗ．ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

Men have a way of providing for themselves. Polar explorers wrap themselves in warm coats and furs. The cold makes life difficult. But the explorers can stay alive. [云南考试网]ｗｗｗ＿ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

What about animals? Can they survive? Do we find plants? Do we find life in the Arctic and in Antarctica? Yes, we do. There is life in the oceans. There is life on land.

ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

Antarctica, as we have seen, is a cold place indeed. But this has not always been the case. Expedition scientists have discovered that Antarctica has not always been a frozen continent. At one time the weather in Antarctica may have much like our own. [云南考试网]ｗｗｗ＿ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

Explorers have discovered coal in Antarctica. This leads them to believe that Antarctica at one time was a land of swamps and forests. Heat and moisture must have kept the trees in the forests alive. [云南考试网]网址:http://www.ynexam.cn

北极地区是个极地的区域，它把北极围在中间。

[云南考试网]ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

    如同南极洲，北极是一个冰雪覆盖的大陆。南极洲最低记录保持在华氏零下125度。无论是在北极还是在南极，华氏零下85度是很常见的。北极的冬天，气温平均在摄氏零下30度左右。而在另一端的南极，冬天的平均气温则在零下73度左右。

    只有一件事情足以使得人类几乎无法生存于南极和北极的一些地区，那就是它们的低气温——遥远两极要人命的寒冷天气。 ｗｗｗ．ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

    为了在两极生存，人类必须尽可能穿最暖和的衣物，必须建立防风住所。而且必须确保全天候暖气供应。对付零下的低温，他们甚至连片刻也不能不作防护。 ｗｗｗ．ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

    人类是有办法装备自己的。到南北极的探险者用温暖的御寒大衣和皮衣把自己裹得严严实实的。尽管寒冷天气使人难以生存，但南北极的探险家却能够顽强地生活在这两片冰冻的大地上。 ｗｗｗ．ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

    那么其他动物能在此生存吗?有植物被发现吗?我们在两极里能找到生命吗?是的，我们在冰洋上、雪地里找到了生命。 [云南考试网]网址:http://www.ynexam.cn

    南极洲，在我们看来是一个如此寒冷冰封的大陆，但情况并不总是如此。远征的科学家们发现，南极洲并不总是一个冰天雪地的大陆。曾经在某个时期，南极洲可能跟我们现在生活的大陆拥有同样温暖的气候。

    探险家们在南极发现了煤矿。这使他们有理由相信南极洲曾经是一片森林和沼泽。也许曾经温暖和潮湿的空气使这里的森林中的树木茂盛地生长过。

www.ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

★1).The lowest temperature that man has ever known was recorded in Antarctica.-R ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

★2).Winter temperatures average 85 degrees below zero in Antarctica.-W

★3).The Arctic and Antarctica are no man’s lands because of their notorious coldness.-W

[云南考试网]ynexam_cn

★4).Polar explorers can stay alive without heaters and windproof shelters.-W www.ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

★5).Despite the hostile environment, both animals and plants can be found in the oceans and on land in polar areas.-R [云南考试网]ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

★6).As discovered by expedition scientists, Antarctica has not always been so cold as it is today, so has the Arctic.-N

★7).At one time, the weather in Antarctica was so warm and damp that trees grew there.-R

ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

8．Easy Learning  容易的学习

www.ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

Students should be jealous. Not only do babies get to doze their days away, but they've also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep. ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

By the time babies are a year old they can recognize a lot of sounds and even simple words. Marie Cheour at the university of Turku in Finland suspected that they might progress this fast  because they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake. ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

To test the theory, Cheour and their colleagues studied 45 newborn babies in the first days of their lives. They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds — one that sounds like "oo", another like "ee" and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between. EEG recording of the infants brains before and after the session showed that the newborns could not distinguish the sounds. [云南考试网]网址:http://www.ynexam.cn

Fifteen of the babies then went back with their mothers, while the rest were split into two sleep-study groups. One group was exposed throughout their night-time sleeping hours to the same three vowels, while the others listened to the other, easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds.

ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

When tested in the morning, and again in the evening, the babies who'd heard the tricky boundary vowels all night showed brainwave activity indicating that they could now recognize this sound. They could identify the sound even when its pitch was changed, while none of the other babies could pick up the boundary vowel at all. ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

Cheour doesn't know how babies accomplish this nighttime learning, but she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults, babies don't "turn off" their cerebral cortex while they sleep. The skill probably fades in the course of the first years of life, she adds — so forget the idea that you can pick up the tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping a language tape under your pillow. But while it may not help grown-ups, Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders. ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

学生们应该感到嫉妒。婴儿们不仅整天睡觉，而且他们还能在睡眠中掌握学习的艺术。

[云南考试网]www_ynexam_cn

当婴儿一周岁时他们可以识别出很多声音，甚至简单的单词。芬兰Turku大学的Marie Cheour怀疑他们进步这么快的原因可能是不仅在醒着时而且在睡觉时也在学语言。 www.ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

为了检验这个理论，Cheour和她的同事们在45个新生儿生命最初的几天里对他们进行了研究。他们让所有的婴儿听一个小时的芬兰元音——其中一个类似“oo”，另一个类似“ee”，还有一个芬兰语和类似语言特有的边界音，听起来像两者之间的声音。在此之前和之后的婴儿大脑的电脑图记录显示新生儿不能辨别这几个声音。

[云南考试网]ｗｗｗ＿ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

然后，其中15个婴儿随他们的母亲回去了，而另外的婴儿被分成两个睡觉时学习小组。一个组的婴儿夜间睡觉的时候还放着同三个元音的录音，而其他的婴儿只听其他的较容易区分的元音。

[云南考试网]www_ynexam_cn

在早晚各进行了测试之后，那些整晚都在听难识别的边界音的婴儿显示出的脑波活动说明他们现在能够识别这个新声音了。甚至当这个音的音调变化时他们仍能够识别出来，而其他的婴儿没有一个能识别这个边界音。 [云南考试网]网址:http://www.ynexam.cn

Cheour不知道婴儿是如何完成这个夜间学习的，但是她怀疑这种特殊能力说明跟大人不一样，婴儿睡觉时没有把大脑皮层“关掉”。她接着说，这种技能可能在生命的最初过程中渐渐消失，因此应忘掉这样一个想法，即：你作为一个成年人只需要把一盘语言录音带塞在枕头下面就可以学会法语中一些麻烦的音。但是，虽然这并不能帮助成年人，Cheour希望这些睡眠时间可用来帮助那些从基因上来说会发生语言障碍的婴儿。

[云南考试网]网址:http://www.ynexam.cn

★1).Babies can learn language even in their sleep.-R www.ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

★2).An infant can recognize a lot of vowels by the time he or she is a year old.-N [云南考试网]ｗｗｗ＿ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

★3).Finish vowels are easy to distinguish.-N

★4).The three vowels mentioned in this article are all Finnish sounds.- R

[云南考试网]网址:http://www.ynexam.cn

★5).The study shows that the infant’s cerebral cortex is working while he is asleep.-R

[云南考试网]ｗｗｗ＿ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

★6).If an adult wants to learn a language faster, he can put a language tape under his pillow.-W [云南考试网]ynexam_cn

★7).Cheour’s finding is worthless.-W [云南考试网]www_ynexam_cn

  ｗｗｗ．ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

9．Dangers await babies with altitude 高海拔的婴儿有危险

ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

Women who live in the world's highest communities tend to give birth to under-weight babies, a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes.

ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. But it wasn't clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished — many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down. ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

To find out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of 400 births in Bolivia during 1976 and 1998. The babies were born in both rich and poor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. L Paz is the highest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers. ｗｗｗ．ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

Sure enough, Giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than in Santa Cruz. This was true in both high and low-income families. Even babies born to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz. "We were very surprised by this result," says Giussani.

The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth. "This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child," says Giussani.

ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

His team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies. This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to rest of the body. [云南考试网]ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

Giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, for example. Low birthweight is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. And newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life. [云南考试网]ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

一个新的研究表明住在世界高海拔地区的女人通常生下体重不足的婴儿。这些婴儿在长大成人后得心脏病和中风的风险很大。 [云南考试网]ynexam_cn

研究暗示在山区出生的新生儿低于平均体重。但是还不清楚这是由于在高海拔的地方氧气不足，还是由于他们的母亲没有获得足够的营养——许多住在高海拔地方的人相对都比住在低处的人穷。

ｗｗｗ．ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

为了了解更多的情况，剑桥大学的迪诺·吉萨尼和他的团队研究了1997年到1998年玻利维亚的400个新生儿的记录。这些婴儿出生于两个城市的富有和贫困地区：拉帕兹和散塔克鲁兹。拉帕兹是世界上最高的城市，海拔3.65千米，而散塔克鲁兹低很多，海拔440米。 [云南考试网]ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

当然，吉萨尼发现拉帕兹的新生儿的平均出生体重明显低于散塔克鲁兹的新生儿。无论高收入家庭还是低收人家庭都是如此。甚至散塔克鲁兹的贫穷家庭的婴儿比拉帕兹的富有家庭的婴儿平均体重还要重。吉萨尼说：“我们对这个结果感到吃惊。”

[云南考试网]ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

这个结果表明在高海拔出生的婴儿出生前就缺氧了。吉萨尼说：“这可能会触发调节未出生儿成长的荷尔蒙的释放或抑制。”

[云南考试网]ｗｗｗ＿ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

他的团队还发现高海拔的婴儿通常有相对身体来说较大的头部。这可能是因为一个缺乏氧的胚胎会首先把充氧的血液输送到脑部，然后才送到身体的其他部位。 [云南考试网]www_ynexam_cn

吉萨尼想要查出这样的婴儿在今后的生活中是不是更容易得病。例如在拉帕兹出生的人在成年之后更可能得心脏病。低出生体重是得冠心病的一个危险因素。头部相对身体较大的新生儿在今后的生活中通常更容易得高血压和中风。

★1).According to the passage, one of the reasons why newborns in mountain communities are underweight is that their mothers are underweight.-W [云南考试网]www_ynexam_cn

★2).Giussani’s team members are all British researchers and professors from Cambridge University.-N

★3).Giussani did not expect to find that the weight of a baby had little to do with the financial conditions of the family he was born into.-R [云南考试网]ｗｗｗ＿ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

★4).The weight of a newborn has to do with the supply of oxygen even when he was still in his mother’s womb.-R ｗｗｗ．ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

★5).High-altitude bodies have heads that are larger than their bodies.-W ｗｗｗ．ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

★6).High altitude babies have longer but thinner limbs than average-N [云南考试网]ｗｗｗ＿ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

★7).Giussani has arrived at the conclusion that babies in high-altitude regions are more likely to have heart trouble when they grow up.-W

  ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

10．Inhalable Water Droplets 可吸入水滴 ｗｗｗ．ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

You think that the biggest threat to your health when taking a shower comes from slipping on a bar of soap? Well, guess again. [云南考试网]ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

Preliminary studies by engineers at the University of Cincinnati and the Oak Ridge Institute for science and education, also in Cincinnati, indicate that some water-saving shower nozzles produce water droplets so small they can be inhaled, exposing anyone using the shower to several different health hazards. [云南考试网]www_ynexam_cn

Using a device called an optical particle counter the researchers tested a number of shower nozzles, both of adjustable and fix-spray styles. They found that some products create droplets less than 10 microns in diameter-small enough to be inhaled. That\'s problem, the researchers theorise,  because the water may contain trace of chemicals used by treatment facilities to kill microbes and bacteria in the water. These organic compounds are relatively safe to take in by drinking, but may not be safe to inhale.

[云南考试网]网址:http://www.ynexam.cn

Another threat may be possible as well. Previous research has shown that the droplets can contain microbes that live inside the warm, wet interior of shower nozzles. When the faucet is turn on, these microbes are swept out through the nozzles. If these droplets are inhaled, the microbes could pose a threat to people who are with asthma and other respiratory problems.

All of this doesn't mean you should skip your morning shower just yet. More research is needed, cautious oak ridge institute scientist Virendra Sethi says, before anyone can determine just how serious — or insignificant — these health risks may be. Moreover, not all water-conserving nozzles produce inhalable droplets. "It all depends on the design of the nozzle," says Sethi. Right now there is no way for consumers to know which nozzle produce these tiny drops. "We are working to develop specifications for shower head designs that would not generate droplets in the inhalable size range," he adds. ｗｗｗ．ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

你认为淋浴的时候对健康最大的威胁是踩在一块肥皂上而滑倒?好的，再猜一猜。

    辛辛那提大学和奥克瑞芝科学与教育学院的工程师们的初步研究指出，一些节水喷头喷出的水滴如此之小，以至于可以被人吸入，把任何淋浴者置于各种健康危险之中。 [云南考试网]ynexam_cn

    科学家们用一种叫做光学分子计量器的设备检测一定数量的淋浴喷头，包括可调节的和固定喷洒的两种。他们发现一些产品喷出的水滴的直径小于10微米——小到足可以被吸入。研究人员推论说问题在于水中可能含有微量的化学物质，这些化学物质是水处理器用以消灭水中的细菌和微生物的。饮用这些有机化合物是相对安全的，但吸入它们就不安

全了。

ｗｗｗ．ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

    另外一种威胁也是有可能的。前面的研究已经表明水滴内可能包含存在于温暖潮湿的淋浴喷头内部的细菌。当水龙头打开时，这些细菌从喷头里被冲出。如果这些水滴被人吸人，这些细菌将对那些有气喘病、呼吸道疾病的人构成威胁。 [云南考试网]ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

    所有这些并不意味着人们应该省去早晨的淋浴，奥克瑞芝学院的科学家维朗德拉·塞提说，在人们确定这种健康危险有多么严重或多么无足轻重之前还需要做更多的研究。而且并不是所有的节水喷头喷出的都是可吸入的水。“这要看喷头的设计”，塞提说。当前消费者还无法知道哪一种喷头喷这样的小水滴。他又补充说：“我们正在为不会使水滴被人吸人的喷头作详细说明。” ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

★1).The first paragraph is a question to which the author hopes to have a positive answer from the reader.-W

★2).Shower nozzles shower nozzles that produce water droplets, big and small, can expose anyone using the shower to health problems.-W

★3).The chemicals contained in water kill bacteria to make it safe for drinking.-R

★4).The problem that inhalable water droplets produce is that they may expose people with respiratory problems to health hazards.-R

www.ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

★5).The adjustable type of nozzles are less dangerous than the fixed one.-W ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

★6).People with asthma and other respiratory problems should avoid taking showers.-N

[云南考试网]ynexam_cn

★7).To overcome the problem caused by inhalable water droplets, Sethi, per haps with some other researchers, is drawing up standards for safe shower head designs.-R

ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

[云南考试网]www_ynexam_cn

11．Fermi Problem  费米问题 ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

On a Monday morning in July, the world\'s first atom bomb exploded in New Mexico desert. Forty seconds later, the shock waves reached the base camp where the Italian-American physicist Enrico Fermi and his team stood. After a mental calculation, Fermi announced to his team that the bomb's energy had equated 10,000 tons of TNT. The bomb team was impressed, but not surprised. Fermi's genius was known throughout the scientific world. In 1938 he had won a Nobel Prize. Four years later he produced the first nuclear chain reaction, leading us into the nuclear age. Since Fermi's death in 1954, no physicist has been at once a master experimentalist and a leading theoretician.

[云南考试网]ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

Like all virtuosos, Fermi had a distinctive style. He preferred the most direct route to an answer. He was very good at dividing difficult problems into small, manageable bits — talent we all can use in our daily lives. ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

To develop this talent in his students, Fermi would suggest a type of question now known as a Fermi problem. Upon first hearing one of these, you haven\'t the remotest notion of the answer, and you feel certain that too little information had been given to solve it. Yet when the problem is broken into sub-problems, each answerable without the help of experts or books, you can come close to the exact solution.

[云南考试网]网址:http://www.ynexam.cn

Suppose you want to determine earth\'s circumference without looking it up. Everyone knows that New York and Los Angeles are about 3,000 miles apart and that the time difference between them is three hours. There hours is one-eighth of a day, and a day is the time it takes the planet to complete one rotation, so its circumference must be times 3,000 or 24,000 miles. This answer differs from the true value, 24,902.45 miles, by less than four percent.

Ultimately the value of dealing with everyday problems the way Fermi did lies in the rewards of making independent discoveries and inventions. It doesn't matter whether the discovery is as important as determining the power of an atom or as small as measuring the distance between New York and Los Angeles. Looking up the answer, or letting someone else find it, deprives you of the pleasure and pride that accompany creativity, and deprives you of an experience that builds up self-confidence. Thus, approaching personal dilemmas as Fermi problems can become a habit that enriches your life. [云南考试网]ｗｗｗ＿ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

7月的一个星期一早上，世界上第一颗原子弹在新墨西哥沙漠上爆炸了。40秒钟以后，这个震动波传到了美籍意大利人、物理学家恩里科·费米和他的队员们所驻扎的基地。经过大脑计算，费米向他的队员们宣布爆炸的原子弹的能量相当于1万吨烈性炸药。费米的话给队员们留下深刻的印象，但他们并不惊奇。费米的天才闻名于整个科学界。他在1938年就已获得诺贝尔奖。四年之后，他创造了第一次原子核的链反应，带领我们进入了原子时代。自1954年费米去世后，还没有哪一位物理学家同时是一名精通的实验主义者和一名最主要的理论家。 ｗｗｗ．ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

  像所有的艺术家一样，费米有他自己的独特风格。他喜欢用最直接的路径去解决问题。他非常善于把困难问题分解成小的可以解决的小部分——这种能力我们在日常生活中都可以使用。

    为了开发他的学生们的才能，费米会提出一种现在称之为费米问题的问题。当你听到这样一个问题时，你对问题的答案丝毫都不知道，你肯定会认为所提供的信息太少了，因而无法解决它。但是当这个问题被分解为几个次级问题，每个问题不用求教专家或书本都能解答时，你就接近于得到准确的答案。 [云南考试网]ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

    假设你想不通过查阅而确定地球周长。每个人都知道纽约离洛杉矶大约3 000英里远，且两地的时区差为3小时。3小时是一天的1／8，一天刚好是地球完成一次公转的时间。所以它的周长肯定是3 000英里的八倍，即24 000英里。这个答案与真正的地球周长值24 902.45英里只相差不足4%。

    最后，以费米处理问题的方式解决日常问题的价值在于独立发现和发明的回报。这个发明是否像确定一颗原子的能那样重要还是像度量纽约和洛杉矶之间的距离那样细小都没有关系。查找这个答案，或是让其他人去发现它，都是剥夺你随创造而来的欢乐与自豪，剥夺了你建立自信心的一次经历。所以，用费米问题解决个人困境能形成一种使你的生活丰富多彩的好习惯。

[云南考试网]www_ynexam_cn

★1).Fermi’s team was impressed by Fermi’s announcement in the base camp because he could even work out the power of the atom bomb in his mind.-R

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★2).Fermi, an experimentalist as well as a theoretician, won a Nobel Prize for producing the first nuclear chain reaction in the world.-W [云南考试网]ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

★3).Dividing a big problem into small problems is a talent Fermi had and a talent that has practical value in life.-R [云南考试网]网址:http://www.ynexam.cn

★4).Fermi problem is to develop the talent of breaking a seemingly unanswerable problem into sub-problems and finding the solution to it, which is a typical Fermi problem.-R

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★5).Then the fourth paragraph tells us how Fermi solved the problem of earth’s circumference without looking up.-W [云南考试网]www_ynexam_cn

★6).The last paragraph concludes the whole writing by stressing the value of important inventions and small discoveries.-W ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

★7).Fermi was famous for inventing a device to calculate bomb’s energy accurately.-N ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

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12．Tanning parlors take heat 人工日照美容院吸收热量

People who seek a glamorous tan through sun lamps may double their risk of developing common types of skin cancer, according to a new study that found the risk was highest for those who start at a young age．

The study, appearing in the latest issue of Journal of the U．S．National Cancer Institute，concluded that people who use tanning devices were 1.5 to 2.5 times more 1ikely to have common kinds of skin cancer than were people who did not use the devices．

The study confirmed what doctors have long suspected—that sun lamp use increases the risk of basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers，said Margaret R．Karagas，first author of the study． [云南考试网]ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

Either going to the tanning parlor，or getting an infrequent sunburn can seriously damage the skin，said Dr．James Spencer，vice chairman of the department of dermatology at Mount Hospital，but the small．day．to．day exposure is worse for the skin in the long run． www.ynexam.cn[云南考试网]

Joseph A．Levy，vice president of the International Smart Tan Network，however，said occasional sunburn “is a risk factor in all forms of skin cancer and intermittent sunburn is what the tanning industry is trying to stop．’’

In the study, Karagas and her colleagues interviewed 603 basal cell skin cancer patients and 293 with squamous cell skin cancer．They talked to 540 control subjects, who did not have either type of skin cancer. ｙｎｅｘａｍ．ｃｎ[云南考试网]

About l million Americans are diagnosed annually with skin cancer．Among those skin cancer patients，about 80 percent are with basal cell skin cancer,16 percent，with squamous cell skin cancer and 4 percent, with melanoma．the most serious form of skin cancers．Back to the interviewed patients，190 reported that they had used tanning devices at some time．In the control groups，only 75 had used such devices．Karagas said a statistical analysis shows that those who used tanning equipment were 2.5 times more likely to get squamous cell skin cancer than those who had not used the devices．For basal cell cancer．the risk was 1.5 times greater．

The risk was highest for those who first used the tanning devices before the age of 20，said Karagas．For this group，the squamous cell cancer risk was 3.6 times greater than that of the controls while the basal cell cancer risk was 1.3 times greater． [云南考试网]www_ynexam_cn

一项新的研究结果表明，欲通过人工日照获得诱人的黑色皮肤的人们使自己患皮肤癌的风险倍增。研究还发现，那些从年轻时就进行人工日照的人的风险系数是最高的。

这项发表在最新一期的美国国家癌症研究会杂志的研究结果认为，使用了人工日照措施的人们比那些未使用的人们患皮肤癌的可能性要高出1.5至2.5倍。

该项研究成果的第一作者Margaret．R．Karagas说，该项研究证实了医生长期的怀疑，使用人工日照增加了患基细胞和冠状细胞皮肤癌的风险。 [云南考试网]网址:http://www.ynexam.cn

Mount医院皮肤病学部副主任James Spencer 博士说，无论是去人工日照美容院还是偶尔的皮肤晒伤都会对皮肤造成严重的伤害，但从长远来说，每天的少量接触对皮肤更为有害。

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然而，国际人工日照网的副总裁Joseph A．Levy却说，偶尔的晒伤是导致各种皮肤癌的危险因素，是人工日照行业所尽力制止的。 [云南考试网]ynexam_cn

在研究过程中，Karagas和同事们采访了603名基细胞皮肤癌患者和293名冠状细胞皮肤癌患者。他们还与未患皮肤癌的540名对照组实验对象进行了交谈。 [云南考试网]ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

每年大约有1百万美国人被诊断为患有皮肤癌。在这些皮肤癌患者当中，约80%为基细胞皮肤癌患者，16%为冠状细胞皮肤癌患者，4%为黑素瘤皮肤癌患者，这是最严重的一种皮肤癌。我们再看被采访的患者当中，其中190人说他们曾经用过人工日照措施，而在对照组实验对象中，只有75人曾经进行过人工日照。Karagas说，统计分析说明，使用过人工日照设施的人比未曾使用过的人患冠状细胞皮肤癌的几率要高2.5倍，患基细胞皮肤癌的风险要高1.5倍。 [云南考试网]ynexam_cn

Karagas说，20岁之前就使用人工日照设施的人的患病风险是最高的。这组人群当中患冠状细胞皮肤癌的风险比对照组高出3.6倍，而患基细胞皮肤癌的风险则要高出1.3倍。

★1).The passage confirms that using tanning equipment is harmful to one’s health.-R

★2).The highest rate of skin cancers is found in teenagers who use sun lamps frequently.-W

★3).Melanoma is a more serious cancer than lung cancer.-N

★4).Karagas’s reported her research results basing on interviews with a group of skin cancer patients and a control group of people with no skin cancers.-R

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★5).Doctor James Spencer’s argument implies that in the long run, getting an infrequent sunburn is worse than the small, day-to-day exposure.-W

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★6).The passage mentions three forms of skin cancers, of which squamous cell skin cancer is the most dangerous.-W [云南考试网]ｙｎｅｘａｍ＿ｃｎ

★7).It is implied in Mr. Levy’s argument (paragraph 5) that frequent exposure to sun lamps is safe.-R

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